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Optimizing protein and amino acid nutrition of broilers

Kidd, M., S. Crafton, K. Nelson, B. Angel, V. Slick and A. Cowieson
2024

Optimization of amino acid nutrition requires a balance between improved live performance and yields coupled with least cost solved formulas. Moreover, with an increase in both the U.S. soybean production and availability of feed grade amino acids, the poultry nutritionist has formulation optimization options. Subsequent assessment of feed ingredient quality at the feed mill or from on-farm bins allows for post validation of target nutrients with test kits, near-infrared spectroscopy, or wet chemistry. Additional tools to assess bird performance and feed quality, e.g., bird circulatory physiological compounds obtained during production, are being developed and implemented so that blood chemistry data can be monitored and acted upon. This work assessed blood chemistry differences in birds from amino acid based-nutritional research conducted at the Arkansas Agriculture Experiment Station from October to December 2023. Birds assessed were in floor pens ranging from 12 to 500 birds per pen, consisted of Cobb 500 and Ross 708 strains, and were fed diets differing in overall amino acid density or variations in the branched-chain amino acids across numerous feeding phases. Cobb 500 male broilers fed corn and soybean meal-based diets during the grower phase with increased Leu/Lys (1.35 to 1.55) from L-Leu or increased Val/Lys (0.76 to 0.82) from L-Val had reduced circulatory P (P = 0.012). However, circulatory ionized Ca was only reduced (P = 0.027) in birds fed increased Val/Lys. Birds fed increased Leu/Lys tended to have reduced plasma Na (P = 0.178). Ross 708 male broilers fed high, compared with moderate amino acid density diets, across phases (average digestible Lys across phases of 1.24 vs 1.18%, respectively) to 42 d tended to have decreased circulatory K (P = 0.168), but increased circulatory Na (P = 0.178). Cobb 500 male broilers were fed varying amino acid density regimes across phases to 45 d of age in corn and soybean meal- based diets. Feeding the highest amino acid density diet resulted in birds having increased circulatory uric acid (UA) (P = 0.066), but deceased circulatory ionized Ca (P = 0.112).

In conclusion, blood metabolite profiles are plastic in response to diet macronutrient profile alterations. Hence, elevated amino acid intake may increase deamination and increase ammonia or UA concentrations in blood, but lower amino acid intake may increase plasma Ca, a phenomenon associated with the calciuretic effect of protein intake. Although dietary amino acid adjustment influencing plasma Na and K were unexpected, it can be concluded that dietary amino acid feeding strategies can influence several plasma metabolites, especially various electrolytes, Ca, P and UA.